Origins

The origins of New Caledonia's population date back to 1500 B.C., when seekers arrived from the volcanic islands of Vanuatu. In modern times, the country became home to a mix of Melanesian and Polynesian countrymen.

Western Influence

The island nation was discovered by the west in 1774, when Captain Cook spotted the land and named it after Scotland's Roman name, Caledonia. France officially claimed the land nearly 100 years later, in 1853, and promptly established a penal colony on the island. After serving their sentences, many men remained on the island.

In WWII, New Caledonia was an important location for the Allies. Both Kanaks, the native people, and Caldoches, the western inhabitants, fought for the French and Turkish armies. The United States established a base of more than 40,000 troops and further influenced the culture.

After the war, Kanaks were given the right to vote and formed their own political party. A downturn in the lucrative nickel mining industry contributed to the growing tensions between Caldoches, Kanaks, and their French 'rulers'. In 1979, a pro-independence group lead by the Kanaks was formed.

'The Troubles'

The struggle for and against independence intensified over the next five years, resulting in 1984's Les Evenements, or simply, The Troubles. Violent fighting between pro-independence Kanaks and loyal supporters of the French lead to a nationwide crackdown by French troops.

A 1987 peace treaty called for elections, where it was assumed the North and Loyalty Islands would fall under Kanak control. In 1989, the leader of the Kanak movement, Jean-Marie Tjibaou, was killed by a party member who disagreed with his dealings with the Loyalists and the French. For more on the Kanak culture and the goals for independence, visit the Tjibaou Cultural Center in Noumea.

Current History

An agreement between the main parties was signed in 1998, acknowledging the transfer of administrative powers from France to New Caledonia over a 15-20 year period. A referendum on independence is expected be held in 2014.